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Axisymmetric equations

Assumptions

  • Steady, axisymmetric, laminar flow (no azimuthal dependence, \(\partial/\partial\phi = 0\))
  • Body of revolution with local surface radius \(r_0(x)\)
  • Calorically perfect gas (constant \(\gamma\), \(c_p\), \(\mathrm{Pr}\))
  • Temperature-dependent viscosity (Sutherland or power law)
  • Thin boundary layer (\(\delta \ll r_0\), \(\delta \ll L\))

Coordinates

Body-fitted coordinates are used throughout:

Symbol Meaning
\(x\) Streamwise arc length along the body surface
\(y\) Wall-normal distance from the body surface
\(r_0(x)\) Perpendicular distance from the symmetry axis to the body surface
\(\theta(x)\) Local surface half-angle

Within the boundary layer the radial distance from the symmetry axis is

\[ r = r_0(x) + y\cos\theta(x) \]

Under the thin BL assumption \(\delta \ll r_0\), so \(r \approx r_0(x)\) throughout the layer. This approximation is what allows the momentum and energy equations to retain their 2D form (see below).

Governing Equations

The compressible laminar boundary layer equations for an axisymmetric body are (see for example 1):

Continuity

\[ \frac{\partial(\rho u r_0)}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial(\rho v r_0)}{\partial y} = 0 \]

x-momentum

\[ \rho\!\left(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right) = -\frac{dp}{dx} + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\!\left(\mu\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right) \]

y-momentum

\[ \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} = 0 \]

Energy

\[ \rho c_p\!\left(u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right) = u\frac{dp}{dx} + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\!\left(k\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right) + \mu\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)^{\!2} \]

Perfect gas state equation

\[ p = \rho R T \]

From the y-momentum equation, pressure is uniform across the layer and imposed by the outer inviscid flow.

Outer Inviscid Flow

Identical to the 2D case. Pressure is set by the edge conditions via the Euler x-momentum equation:

\[ -\frac{dp}{dx} = \rho_e u_e \frac{du_e}{dx} \]

Azimuthal symmetry eliminates any swirl contribution.

Derivation from the Navier-Stokes equations

Axisymmetric Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations

Start from the compressible NS for a Newtonian fluid with Stokes' hypothesis (\(\lambda = -2\mu/3\)) in cylindrical coordinates \((x, r)\), retaining azimuthal symmetry (\(\partial/\partial\phi = 0\), \(w = 0\)).

Continuity

\[ \frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial(\rho u)}{\partial x} + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial(r\rho v)}{\partial r} = 0 \]

x-momentum

\[ \rho\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right) = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(\frac{4\mu}{3}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} - \frac{2\mu}{3}\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r} + \frac{v}{r}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\!\left(r\mu\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\right) \]

r-momentum

\[ \rho\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\right) = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(\mu\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial(r\tau_{rr})}{\partial r} - \frac{\tau_{\phi\phi}}{r} \]

where

\[ \tau_{rr} = \frac{4\mu}{3}\frac{\partial v}{\partial r} - \frac{2\mu}{3}\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{v}{r}\right), \qquad \tau_{\phi\phi} = \frac{4\mu}{3}\frac{v}{r} - \frac{2\mu}{3}\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\right) \]

Energy (in terms of temperature)

\[ \rho c_p\!\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right) = \left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial p}{\partial r}\right) + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(k\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\!\left(kr\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right) + \Phi \]

where

\[ \Phi = \mu\!\left[ 2\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^{\!2} + 2\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\right)^{\!2} + 2\!\left(\frac{v}{r}\right)^{\!2} + \!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)^{\!2} - \frac{2}{3}\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial r} + \frac{v}{r}\right)^{\!2} \right] \]

Steady Flow

For steady flow, all \(\partial/\partial t\) terms vanish. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations reduce to:

\[ \frac{\partial(\rho u)}{\partial x} + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial(r\rho v)}{\partial r} = 0 \]
\[ \rho\!\left(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right) = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(\frac{4\mu}{3}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} - \frac{2\mu}{3}\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r} + \frac{v}{r}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\!\left(r\mu\!\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\right) \]
\[ \rho\!\left(u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\right) = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(\mu\!\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial(r\tau_{rr})}{\partial r} - \frac{\tau_{\phi\phi}}{r} \]
\[ \rho c_p\!\left(u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right) = u\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\!\left(k\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right) + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\!\left(kr\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right) + \Phi \]

Boundary Layer Scaling

The steady NS above simplifies when the boundary layer is thin relative to the streamwise length scale. Introduce a reference length \(L\) and free-stream speed \(U_\infty\), and let \(\delta \ll L\) be the BL thickness.

For BL analysis on a body of revolution, it is convenient to work in surface-aligned coordinates: \(s\) (streamwise arc length along the body) and \(y\) (wall-normal distance from the surface). The local body surface radius \(r_0(s)\) can be any smooth function — no specific body geometry is assumed at this stage. In surface-aligned coordinates the steady continuity transforms to1

\[ \frac{\partial(\rho u\, r_0)}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial(\rho v\, r_0)}{\partial y} = 0 \]

The \(r_0(s)\) factor arises from the azimuthal metric of the cylindrical geometry; it is \(O(L)\) and is not removed at any stage. The curvature corrections to the momentum and energy equations carry a factor \(y/R(s)\) (where \(R\) is the surface radius of curvature) and are \(O(\delta/L) = O(\varepsilon)\). They will be dropped together with the streamwise viscous terms at Step 5.

Step 1: get \(V\) scaling from continuity. Both terms must be the same order:

\[ \frac{U_\infty}{L} \sim \frac{V}{\delta} \qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad V \sim \frac{\delta}{L}\,U_\infty \]

Step 2: get \(\delta\) by balancing convection with wall-normal viscosity in x-momentum.

\[ \underbrace{\rho\,\frac{U_\infty^2}{L}}_{\text{inertia}} \sim \underbrace{\frac{\mu\,U_\infty}{\delta^2}}_{\text{viscosity}} \qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad \delta \sim \frac{L}{\sqrt{Re_L}}, \qquad Re_L = \frac{\rho U_\infty L}{\mu} \]

Step 3: define dimensionless variables.

\[ \begin{aligned} s^* &= \frac{s}{L}, &\quad y^* &= \frac{y}{\delta}, &\quad u^* &= \frac{u}{U_\infty}, \\[6pt] v^* &= \frac{v}{\varepsilon U_\infty}, &\quad p^* &= \frac{p}{\rho_\infty U_\infty^2}, &\quad \rho^* &= \frac{\rho}{\rho_\infty}, \\[6pt] \mu^* &= \frac{\mu}{\mu_\infty}, &\quad T^* &= \frac{T}{T_\infty}, &\quad k^* &= \frac{k}{k_\infty} \end{aligned} \]

where \(\varepsilon = \delta/L = Re_L^{-1/2} \ll 1\). The body radius scales as \(r_0^* = r_0/L\).

Step 4: Substitute

Using \(\partial/\partial s = (1/L)\,\partial/\partial s^*\) and \(\partial/\partial y = (1/\delta)\,\partial/\partial y^*\), substitute into each equation and divide out the common dimensional factor.

Continuity

\[ \cancel{\frac{\rho_\infty U_\infty}{L}}\, \frac{\partial(\rho^* u^* r_0^*)}{\partial s^*} + \cancel{\frac{\rho_\infty U_\infty}{L}}\, \frac{\partial(\rho^* v^* r_0^*)}{\partial y^*} = 0 \]
\[ \frac{\partial(\rho^* u^* r_0^*)}{\partial s^*} + \frac{\partial(\rho^* v^* r_0^*)}{\partial y^*} = 0 \]

Note the \(r_0^*\) factor is carried through exactly. Both terms are \(O(1)\) — the body radius does not produce an additional small parameter.

x-momentum

The cylindrical NS introduces curvature corrections of order \(y/R(s)\) in the inertia and viscous terms. In dimensionless form these carry a factor \(\varepsilon^2\) (since \(y/R \sim \delta/L = \varepsilon\), and the leading viscous term already contributes a \(1/\varepsilon^2\) factor that cancels the \(\varepsilon^2\) of the correction — net: \(O(\varepsilon^2)\) relative to the retained term). All other structure is identical to the 2D case:

\[ \begin{aligned} \rho^*\!\left(u^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial s^*} + v^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right) &= -\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial s^*} + \frac{\partial}{\partial y^*}\!\left(\mu^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right) \\[6pt] &+ \varepsilon^2\!\left[ \frac{\partial}{\partial s^*}\!\left(\frac{4\mu^*}{3}\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial s^*} - \frac{2\mu^*}{3}\frac{\partial v^*}{\partial y^*}\right) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y^*}\!\left(\mu^*\frac{\partial v^*}{\partial s^*}\right) + \text{(curvature)} \right] \end{aligned} \]

Wall-normal momentum

The same order-of-magnitude argument as the 2D y-momentum applies. All inertia and viscous terms are \(O(\varepsilon)\) or smaller relative to \(\partial p^*/\partial y^*\):

\[ \varepsilon^2\,\rho^*\!\left(u^*\frac{\partial v^*}{\partial s^*} + v^*\frac{\partial v^*}{\partial y^*}\right) = -\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial y^*} + \varepsilon^2[\cdots] \]

Energy

The azimuthal terms \((v/r)^2\) in \(\Phi^*\) and the cylindrical conduction term \(k\partial T/\partial r / r\) both carry a factor \(\varepsilon^2\) in dimensionless form (same argument as the curvature terms above). All other structure matches the 2D case:

\[ \begin{aligned} \rho^*\!\left(u^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial s^*} + v^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial y^*}\right) &= \mathrm{Ec}\,u^*\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial s^*} + \frac{1}{\mathrm{Pr}}\frac{\partial}{\partial y^*}\!\left(k^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial y^*}\right) + \frac{\mathrm{Ec}}{\mathrm{Pr}}\,\mu^*\!\left(\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right)^{\!2} \\[6pt] &+ \varepsilon^2\!\left[\frac{1}{\mathrm{Pr}}\frac{\partial}{\partial s^*}\!\left(k^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial s^*}\right) + \text{(curvature \& azimuthal terms)}\right] \end{aligned} \]

where \(\mathrm{Pr} = \mu_\infty c_p / k_\infty\) and \(\mathrm{Ec} = U_\infty^2/(c_p T_\infty)\).

Step 5: drop \(\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^2)\) terms.

Setting \(\varepsilon \to 0\):

\[ \frac{\partial(\rho^* u^* r_0^*)}{\partial s^*} + \frac{\partial(\rho^* v^* r_0^*)}{\partial y^*} = 0 \]
\[ \rho^*\!\left(u^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial s^*} + v^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right) = -\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial s^*} + \frac{\partial}{\partial y^*}\!\left(\mu^*\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right) \]
\[\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial y^*} = 0\]
\[ \rho^*\!\left(u^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial s^*} + v^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial y^*}\right) = \mathrm{Ec}\,u^*\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial s^*} + \frac{1}{\mathrm{Pr}}\frac{\partial}{\partial y^*}\!\left(k^*\frac{\partial T^*}{\partial y^*}\right) + \frac{\mathrm{Ec}}{\mathrm{Pr}}\,\mu^*\!\left(\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial y^*}\right)^{\!2} \]

Step 6: re-dimensionalize.

Reversing the substitutions and applying \(\partial p^*/\partial y^* = 0 \Rightarrow \partial p/\partial y = 0\) recovers the dimensional BL equations shown at the top of this page. The x-momentum and energy equations are identical to the 2D case; the only difference is that the continuity equation retains the body radius \(r_0(s)\).


  1. Schlichting, H. & Gersten, K. (2017). Boundary Layer Theory, 9th ed. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-52919-5